In February 2022 the EU was confronted with the acute security threat, flouting of international law and resultant humanitarian crisis at its borders provoked by Russia's military aggression against Ukraine. The EU launched a massive 'geoeconomic' response in the shape of several packages of...

Sanctions imposed by the European Union (EU) against Russia following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine brought about an unprecedented emphasis on sanctions implementation and enforcement, which - in contrast to decision-making - have traditionally relied on a decentralised system. This has...