Using a general method of moments (GMM) aggregate production function adjusted for spatial autocorrelation, Russian regions 2001–2019 are found to exhibit no β convergence/divergence before 2009, 1% convergence 2009–2014 and then none again 2015–2019. Both human and physical capital...

Satellite data used in combination with a stochastic production function method reveal an inefficient formal economy in rural Rostov Oblast 2013-2015 embedded in an overall (formal and informal) relatively efficient economy with the measurement of both important to better understand non-economic...

Using a stochastic frontier production function at the raion (county) level of aggregation, Rostov Oblast rural economy's formal economic growth 2009-2013 is analyzed in conjunction with satellite luminosity data capturing both the formal and informal economy. Satellite luminosity data reveal a...