We consider a model of polluting firms subject to tax on emissions, monitoring, and penalties in case of underreporting and which face a choice between a more expensive clean and a less expensive dirty technology. Moreover, emissions are subject to random events.We show that the optimal...

We analyze a model where firms chose a production technology which, together with some random event, determines the final emission level. We consider the coexistence of two alternative technologies: a "clean" technology, and a "dirty" technology. The environmental regulation is based on taxes...

In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that China’s rapid economic development has come at a significant environmental cost. Pollution problems are now a source of serious public concern, at times even social unrest. The government has responded with an ambitious reform program that...

This article is a study of the then proposed 1971 U.S.-Canada Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and the long history of developing U.S.- Canadian cooperation that preceded it. The article suggests that this experience: (1) offers guidance for the solution of problems that other programs of...

This chapter deals with the application of economic theories of criminal law to environmental pollution. The chapter starts by addressing why environmental pollution needs to be enforced at all by using the criminal law. Attention is also paid to the question whether in certain circumstances...

This article outlines what sustainable development means when applied to industry, the necessity for sustainable industry, and how sustainable industry can change and is already beginning to change the debate about pollution control. While it is possible for industry to have a positive impact,...

In adaptation literature, relatively little attention is paid to the role of basic environmental law instruments such as environmental quality standards, environmental permits and environmental impact assessments in adaptation law. In this chapter, I have reviewed the three roles these basic...

This book chapter presents the basics of U.S. environmental law on pollution control. It is intended for non-specialists interested in environmental law, and for foreign lawyers curious about how the U.S. uses environmental law to address environmental problems. It addresses the essentials of...

Policymakers and scholars recognize that individuals comprise an important source of environmental harm. Individuals’ decisions and actions — running a washing machine, driving to work, purchasing a pair of blue jeans — impose direct and indirect impacts on the environment that, while...

In the existing literature there is general agreement that the effectiveness and efficiency of command and control instruments versus market-based instruments is highly context specific. A country’s particular regulatory environment and state capacity, as well as the features of given...