Progress on environmental issues will require a shift in how individuals view and value their relationship to the environment. This article examines two divergent theories on how individuals' values are formed. One theory stems from the recent work in economics on how identities (including...

Governments' choice of instrument to address environmental concerns affects not only the relative prices faced by individuals making choices but also their norms or values. This effect on values is important because some argue that traditional instruments (such as taxes and regulations) are...