This paper develops a game-theoretic model that predicts when a university invention is commercialized in a start-up firm rather than an established firm. The model predicts that university inventions are more likely to occur in start-ups when the technology transfer officers (TTOs) search cost...

The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, which permitted institutions receiving government research funds to patent their inventions, has prompted U.S. firms to rely increasingly on outside—and particularly university—invention.The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of various licensing modes...

This paper develops a game-theoretic model that predicts when a university invention is commercialized in a start-up firm rather than an established firm. The model predicts that university inventions are more likely to occur in start-ups when the technology transfer officers (TTOs) search cost...