This paper investigates the common, yet previously opaque, practice of using foreign audit firms (component auditors) to conduct portions of audit work for U.S. public companies. U.S. regulators have expressed concern for the transparency and quality of audits using component auditors. Employing...

This study investigates the combination of textual and numerical accounting disclosures, which are often examined in silos by prior research. Focusing on three inherently complicated footnotes, we capture the amount of text used to explain numbers with the ratio of words to numbers. Using...