In Europe, species and ecosystems struggle to cope with severe human pressures in heavily fragmented landscapes extending across a large number of comparatively small states. This makes the conservation of European biodiversity a challenging enterprise, and the need for transboundary cooperation...

This article reviews the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and the European Union's Wild Birds and Habitats Directives from the perspective of the need to help nature adapt to climate change in order to attain biodiversity conservation goals. It...