In the stochastic variant of the vehicle routing problem with time windows, known as the SVRPTW, travel times are assumed to be stochastic. In our chance-constrained approach to the problem, restrictions are placed on the probability that individual time window constraints are violated, while...

In city logistics, service providers have to consider dynamics within logistics processes in order to achieve higher schedule reliability and delivery flexibility. To this end, city logistics routing demands for time-dependent travel time estimates and time-dependent optimization models. We...