After 9/11, the United States and its allies took measures to protect their citizens from future terrorist attacks. While these measures aim to increase security, they have often been criticized for violating human rights. But violating rights is difficult in a constitutional democracy with...

Constitutions are commonly regarded as uniquely national products, shaped by domestic ideals and politics. This paper develops and empirically tests a novel hypothesis, which is that constitutions are also shaped by transnational influence, or “diffusion.” Constitutional rights can diffuse...

Constitutions are commonly thought to express nations' highest values. They are near-universally proclaimed in the name of “We the People” and regarded — by scholars and the general public alike — as an expression of the people's views and values. This Article shows empirically that this...