This paper argues that a cable operator with sufficient market power in the downstream multi-channel video programming distribution (MVPD) market can deny access to unaffiliated programmers, resulting in an upstream programming rival's exit or impaired dynamic efficiency. Further, market...

Vertically integrated DSL providers have been accused of engaging in a price squeeze to foreclose unaffiliated Internet service providers (ISPs). A price squeeze is a special case of a refusal to deal, in which the access price is set so high as to prevent the downstream provider from covering...