We provide new evidence of vertical foreclosure in the U.S. cable television market, primarily using a 2004 database of 680 cable systems. Focusing on four program network groups (basic outdoor entertainment, basic cartoon, basic movie, and premium movie), we find that more frequent carriage of...

Empirical research about the effects of vertical integration in cable television suggests that in spite of differences in the economic architectures of cable and Internet broadband, integrated ISPs have economic incentives in some realistic circumstances to favor vertically integrated content...

In an industry with upstream economies of scale in the distribution of differentiated products to retailers which have monopoly power within separate local market areas, the retailers have an incentive to exert monopsony power due to the divergence between average and marginal costs in the...