In early 2021, non-fungible tokens (NFT) became the first application of blockchain technology to achieve clear public prominence. NFTs are tradeable rights to digital assets (images, music, videos, virtual creations) where ownership is recorded in smart contracts on a blockchain. Given the NFT...

Blockchain technology appears to be ready to revolutionise a broad number of industries. However, the blockchain itself contains a number of inefficiencies and areas for improvement, namely: transaction fees and transaction speeds. Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) address, and improve on these...

A concern often expressed in relation to cryptocurrencies is their environmental impact associated with increasing electricity consumption which is currently unregulated. To assist researchers and policy makers, we developed a new Index of Cryptocurrency Environmental Attention (ICEA) based on...

The growth of cryptocurrency mining in China, still heavily reliant on coal as a fuel for electricity generation, raises natural questions on the inter-relatedness of coal and crypto prices and volatilities. We investigate this, and the safety and thus supply stability of domestic Chinese coal...