This paper summarizes the status of general-purpose central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) within seventeen countries and the Euro Area. This paper also documents the proposed design features and functionalities, if applicable, of each country's proposed or piloted CBDC. This paper finds that...

“Crypto Winter” refers to a systemic event that occurred in the cryptocurrency ecosystem—what we call “crypto space”—in 2022. Crypto space was wracked by plummeting crypto prices, the troubles of a large crypto hedge fund, and runs on many crypto lending platforms. Several large...