By extending and reviewing determinants of the implied volatility in the context of high frequency (HF) trade-by-trade DAX equity options from the EUREX a mean-reversion autocorrelation process is revealed, besides confirming low frequency results such as moneyness, time, liquidity, volume and...

We present a new method to measure the intraday relationship between movements of implied volatility smiles and stock returns. It is based on an enhanced smile regression model which captures patterns in the intraday data which have not yet been reported in the literature. Using transaction data...

In the three-factor model of Fama and French (1993), portfolio returns are explained by the factors Small Minus Big (SMB and High Minus Low (HML) which capture returns related to firm capitalization (size) and the book-to-market ratio (B/M). In the standard approach of the model, both the test...