Order flow is toxic when it adversely selects market makers, who may be unaware they are providing liquidity at a loss. We present a new procedure to estimate flow toxicity based on volume imbalance and trade intensity (the VPIN toxicity metric). VPIN is updated in volume-time, making it...

Volatility and Time Series Econometrics: Essays in Honor of Robert F. .Engle Edited by Tim Bollerslev, Jeffrey R. Russell, and Mark W. Watson OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ...