A key issue raised by the rapid growth of computerised algorithmic trading is how it responds in extreme situations. Using data on foreign exchange orders and transactions that includes identification of algorithmic trading, we find that this type of trading contributed to the deterioration of...

This supplemental appendix extends the main paper by presenting additional analyses and robustness checks. It also describes the procedure to construct the Monthly TAQ effective spread benchmark.The paper "A Simple Estimation of Bid-Ask Spreads from Daily Close, High, and Low Prices" to which...

We study the theoretical and empirical properties of a simple measure of market illiquidity, namely the realized Amihud, which is defined as the ratio between the realized volatility and trading volume and which refines the popular price impact measure proposed by Amihud (2002). In our model,...