In this article, we have tested the volatility of the returns of the 3 – month AstraZeneca call option contract for changing conditional variances. Threshold generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic models, (TGARCH), exponential generalized autoregressive conditional...

We analyze the implied volatility smile of a lognormal distribution on a 3 – month Lundbeck call option contract using the Brownian motion. There is significant time variation in the implied volatility smile and the traditional Black – Scholes model can not explain this deviation. The Black...

We analyze the implied volatility smile of a lognormal distribution on a on a 6 – month EUR/USD call currency option contract using the ratio of strike and share price. There is significant time variation in the implied volatility smile and the traditional Black – Scholes model can not...

We analyze the implied volatility smile of a lognormal distribution on a on a 6 – month EUR/USD call currency option contract using a random standard normal variable. There is significant time variation in the implied volatility smile and the traditional Black – Scholes model can not explain...

We analyze the implied volatility smile of a lognormal distribution on a 3 – month Danske bank call option contract using the option delta. There is significant time variation in the implied volatility smile and the traditional Black – Scholes model can not explain this deviation. The Black...

Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic models (ARCH), and Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic models, (GARCH) take into account the non-linearity that arises in the financial time series. Well known anomalies such as the calendar effects, January effect and seasonality's...

In this article, we measure the implied volatility and the value at risk of the commodity futures contracts. We examine contracts of wheat, corn, cocoa, soybean, coffee and orange juice. Hedge funds use managed futures in terms of commodities such as wheat, corn, cocoa, soybean, coffee and...

In this paper, we are examining hedge funds risk and return profile over the period 1990 to 2003 using Jensen's measure, implied volatility, correlations, covariances, Sharpe and Sortino ratios. The large range in returns and dispersion suggest that the mean variance approach may not indicate a...

In this article, we measure the alpha and beta of high volatility commodity futures contracts of hedge funds. The futures contracts under study are gold, silver, zinc, palladium and platinum. Combining managed futures with shares and bonds provide better returns with lower risk or mean variance...

In this article, we test the effects of the volatility of Gaussian distribution monthly returns of commodity futures contracts of a hedge fund portfolio. We test a linear Gaussian state space model and the Kalman filter ARMA(2,4) model of the natural logarithmic monthly market returns of the of...