Voting is a socially desirable act and a basic form of political participation in the United States. This social desirability sometimes leads respondents in surveys, such as the National Election Study (NES), to claim to have voted when they did not. The methodology of previous studies assumes...

This paper investigates the historical impact of party and constituency preferences on tariff votes from the U.S. Senate over the period 1883 to 1930. We find that the estimated effect of party grows during periods in which legislative institutions favored strong parties. We conclude that party...