Extreme space weather has a global footprint and can affect multiple critical infrastructures at the same time. An event of such magnitude could overwhelm a single nation's response capacity. Further efforts in research, and national and international coordination in preparedness and response...

Extreme space weather has a global footprint and can affect multiple critical infrastructures at the same time. An event of such magnitude could overwhelm a single nation's response capacity. Further efforts in research, and national and international coordination in preparedness and response...

Geomagnetic storms (GMS) can seriously affect high voltage power transmission grids. More specifically, GMS can inject geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) into the power network, thus causing instabilities and eventually leading to grid collapse. Since GMS are expected to cause more...

Space weather can affect both ground-based and space-borne infrastructures, potentially resulting in failures or service disruptions across the globe and causing damage to equipment and systems. With society having become increasingly reliant on the services these infrastructures provide, a more...