We compare the effects of the three most common ATM pricing regimes on consumers’ welfare and banks’ profits. We consider cases where the ATM usage is free, where customers pay a foreign fee to their bank and where they pay a foreign fee and a surcharge. Paradoxically, when banks set an...

A disaggregated intertemporal CGE model is used to simulate the welfare effects in Norway of the recently implemented trade reforms including the WTO agreement, the EEA treaty, the EFTA fishery agreement and an anticipated EEA resolution on shipbuilding. These reforms affect the Norwegian...

This paper assesses effects of the last decade’s multinational liberalisation of foreign trade, in terms of economic gains and in terms of pollution. By means of a disaggregated intertemporal CGE model for Norway two scenarios with and without the trade reforms are compared. Despite a slight...

This paper shows that tradable emissions permits and an emissions tax affect the firms' technology choice differently under uncertainty. A tax encourages the most flexible technology if and only if stochastic costs and the equilibrium permit price have sufficiently strong positive covariance,...

Authorities often lack information for efficient regulation of the commons. This paper derives a criterion comparing prices versus tradable quantities in terms of expected welfare, given uncertainty, optimal policy and endogenous cost structure. I show that one cannot determine which regulatory...