Existing techno-economic analyses of modern coal chemical technologies (MCCTs) neglect water constraints, which may underestimate the production cost of MCCTs and thus mislead investment activities. Considering this background, this study incorporated water scarcity and indirect water cost into...

Abstract Technology largely determines economic development and its impact on the environment; yet technological change is one of the least developed parts of existing global change models. This paper reviews two approaches developed at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis,...