This study examines the effects of a unilateral carbon tax with a border carbon adjustment (BCA) policy by using a North-South duopoly model with endogenous plant locations and technology adoptions. If the North increases its carbon tax unilaterally, carbon leakage could arise; that is, effort to...

We explore the carbon emissions of the world’s five highest carbon emitters by applying the shared responsibility (SR) criterion, under which both producers and consumers share the responsibility for emissions. Using the SR method based on the value-added approach, we can investigate carbon...