This paper uses the simple geometry of the classic, open-economy trilemma to introduce a new gauge of the stability of international macroeconomic arrangements. The new stability gauge reflects the simultaneity of a country's choices of exchange rate flexibility, financial openness, and monetary...

We study the behavior of real exchange rates under various official designations of exchange rate arrangements. Examining many currencies, we find important differences across the designations. Most notably, real exchange rate mean reversion is fastest when nominal exchange rates are officially...