We model two groups engaged simultaneously in external and internal contests for some appropriable resource. Within each group, there are three strata, defined by unequal endowment of another, non-appropriable, resource. We find that different kinds of within-group endowment inequality may...

We model political contestation over school language policy, within linguistic communities where weak property rights protection leads to high decentralized expropriation. We show that improvements in governance institutions that facilitate property rights protection might exacerbate such...