This paper sets out the relevance of certification for the enforcement of transnational private regulation. It discusses the function of certification, offers a typology of certification schemes and analyses its relationship with regulatory enforcement. To illustrate these elements, the Chapter...

The following paper looks at transnational regulatory cooperation between public international organizations and private regulatory entities. The argument advanced is that regulators cooperate because in the undefined global space with an unclear and often inexistent hierarchical framework it is...

Forest certification is a process through which transnational networks of diverse actors define and enforce standards for the management of forests around the world. Important forest certification programs currently include the Forest Stewardship Council, the Pan-European Forest Certification...

This paper examines the role of ‘private' (non-governmental) regulatory programs in assuring the safety of imported products. Focusing particularly on food safety it argues that private regulatory institutions have great capacity to control safety hazards and to implement dynamic systems for...

This article uses the recently negotiated Transpacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) to examine the potential implications of the rise of mega-regional trade agreements (MRTAs) for global environmental governance. Though unlikely to come into force as planned, the TPP represents the state of the...

This paper analyzes several emerging transnational regulatory systems that engage, but are not centered on state legal systems. Driven primarily by civil society organizations, the new regulatory systems use conventional technical standard setting and certification techniques to establish...

The development history of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is analyzed, the dominant standard-setter for sustainability reporting. The focus is trained on the organization's intertwined stakeholder management and strategic management, revealing core ongoing tensions that both led and...