International investment arbitral tribunals have been facing the need of drawing the line between legitimate regulatory measures that do not constitute expropriation and measures that are tantamount to expropriation. While some tribunals have decided to focus solely on the effect of the given...

The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (‘TPP'), which was signed in November 2015 by the United States, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Peru, Chile, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and Vietnam, is arguably the most significant trade and international investment protection deal...