With opening of the economy in 1991 and subsequent removal of regulatory and trade barriers, India became an attractive investment (Foreign Direct Investment-FDI) destination. A large number of multinationals have established operations in India to utilise the services of available skilled...

This paper aims at providing a comprehensive overview of existing literature on the topic of comparability adjustments. Based on existing literature the most commonly used adjustments can be categorized in two broad categories: “accounting and financial risks adjustments” and...

The World Customs Organization (WCO) and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have begun considering the harmonization of transfer pricing norms among income tax, customs and VAT regimes. Two conferences have been organized in May of 2006 and 2007. These conferences...

The goals of transfer pricing are to assign a monetary value to a transfer and to minimize the taxes paid by a company as whole. However, because a single company can now have operations literally around the world, transfer pricing has become a very complicated, costly, and lucrative business...

The Global Formulary Apportionment Model (GFA Model) applies to the tax accounting of the Global Taxable Income (GTI) of a Multinational Enterprise (MNE) and the Formulary Apportionment (FA) of this GTI between the member states of the model – here the G 20 nations. The resulting Global...

This paper analyses the characteristics of transfer pricing systems across countries, in order to identify the grouping structures intrinsically related with rules' similarities, and to explore the key characteristics revealed by each group. Applying hierarchical agglomerative technique for...

Schemes of residual profit allocation (RPA) tax multinationals by allocating their 'routine' profits to countries in which their activities take place and sharing their remaining 'residual' profit across countries on some formulaic basis. They have recently and rapidly come to prominence in...

This article considers multinational enterprises' capacity to deduct interest expenses in light of the implementation of Action 4 of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project and the OECD's current work on transfer pricing of financial transactions. It concludes that there has been a...

Formula apportionment as a way to attribute taxable profits of multinationals across jurisdictions is receiving increased attention. This paper reviews existing literature and discusses experiences in selective federal states to evaluate the economic properties of formula apportionment relative...

This paper elaborates on the emergence of so-called Advance Pricing Agreements (APA) in international taxation and corresponding APA programs in individual countries. It refers to how globalizing business processes trigger governance change on the nation state level regarding the identification...