Classical economic theory suggests that excess returns should be competed away as new participants enter the market. This is especially true for the profits from riskless arbitrage. Yet, there is conflicting evidence in the financial economic literature over whether high frequency trading (HFT)...

Listed companies and institutional investors have called on market regulators to introduce mechanisms to curb high-frequency (HF) trading in financial markets. In this paper we suggest relative tick size is one such mechanism. We investigate for a non-fragmented market two HF trading proxies:...