This study evaluates the impacts of public subsidies on firms in energy-intensive industries, focusing on R&D subsidies and compensation subsidies. Using firm-level data from Finnish energy-intensive industries between 2010 and 2022, it examines how these subsidies influence firm competitiveness...

Pro-competitive forces have driven industrialised countries to converge in telecommunication market liberalisation. By 2001, the cellular mobile markets were open to competition throughout the OECD area. Only two OECD countries had a monopoly operator providing fixed-line telecommunication...