recovery of antitrust damages to direct purchasers. However, antitrust damages are typically (in part) passed on to … collusion. It allows an upstream cartel to shield itself from private damage claims by forwarding a share of cartel profits to … private damages. The cartel can achieve this by rationing inputs at low prices. Several U.S. antitrust cases show symptoms of …

-agent learning processes, suggesting that algorithmic collusion may not be an immediate concern for antitrust authorities …

collusion. In the limit, when all shareholders are completely diversified, the firms act as if they were owned by a single …

recovery of damages suffered from a breach of federal antitrust law to direct purchasers only. Even though typically antitrust … against antitrust damages claims. We show that Illinois Brick facilitates upstream firms to engage horizontally in a collusive … 'Illinois Wall' arrangement sustains collusion in the production chain, substantially reducing total welfare. The more …

We examine the relation between consumer search and equilibrium prices when collusion is endogenously determined. We …

of sales, does not facilitate collusion. We show that when firms are heterogeneous, either in marginal cost or product … quality, sales-based compensation can facilitate collusion under both price and quantity competition. As a result …

facilitates upstream collusion. These findings have important implications for antitrust policy and market regulation …Successful upstream collusion must satisfy both the incentive constraint (keeping cartel members in line) and the … compensation reduces the harm of upstream collusion to social welfare and consumer surplus, a small amount of compensation …