transformation. The standard trade theory postulates that trade openness contributes to poverty alleviation directly by changing … the trade-to-grossdomestic-product ratio to measure openness often fail to find a direct effect of openness on poverty over … effectiveness of the factor proportion channel may be due to limitations of the commonly used measure of trade openness: the trade …

What was the impact of railroads in the output of the United States during the 19th century and how can a New Trade … trade and U.S. county output data from the 19th century, to estimate county gains from trade using a fixed-point algorithm …

Global Manufacturing and International Supply Chains changed the way trade and international economics are understood … dynamics, privileging a trade perspective: the definition of comparative advantages and the potential for value-chain up-grading …

Today fair trade follows two approaches. One approach, pioneered a half century ago by organizations such as Ten … connect. Laura Raynolds and Douglas Murray refer to this as the alternative-trade-organization approach (ATO). The second …, rice, honey, bananas, and soccer balls — to name a mere few. Trade in these goods is controlled worldwide by an umbrella …

It is generally argued that open trade is crucial for economic growth and development. The economic literature also … between the trade, growth and poverty for Pakistan using annual time series data from 1973-2009. Granger causality results … based on Error-Correction Models have shown that in the case of Pakistan there exists two way relationship between trade and …

Despite the rapid expansion of U.S.-China trade ties, the increase in U.S. FDI in China, and the expanding amount of …