education and associated years of schooling have expanded substantially in developing countries in recent years. But has this … improvements in the access to the education system and in educational outcomes across the welfare distribution between and within … schooling years. We find great heterogeneity in the distribution of progress of education, with very little pro-poor progress in …

experiments show that using means-tested education subsidies is the most cost-effective single policy option. However, for longer … time horizons, or as the economy gets closer to the poverty trap threshold, combining means-tested education and wage …