since the mid-1930s when banks invented the term loan. Concurrently, bank innovation first involved the invention of credit … analysis and covenant design. Later, bank innovation included the advent of loan sales, increased loan syndications, the … opening of the leveraged loan market, and the securitization of loans in collateralized loan obligations. We estimate and …

effects of bank regulation and the impact of deregulation. We find that where entry was more restricted the cost of credit was …We use exogenous variation in the degree of restrictions to bank competition across Italian provinces to study both the … increase in bad loans. In provinces where restrictions to bank competition were most severe, the proportion of bad loans after …

effects of bank regulation and the impact of deregulation. We find that where entry was more restricted the cost of credit was …We use exogenous variation in the degree of restrictions to bank competition across Italian provinces to study both the … increase in bad loans. In provinces where restrictions to bank competition were most severe, the proportion of bad loans after …

-cyclicality into prudential regulation. The potential effectiveness of such instrument depends on how far actual backward …-looking provisioning practices exacerbate growth in bank lending. We therefore investigate whether backward-looking provisioning practices … amplify growth in bank lending and, if such an effect exists, whether there are differences in its magnitude across countries …

We examine the explicit use of social relationships as collateral against loan default, a core feature of modern …, we explore how a microcredit group's spatial structure affects its embeddedness and the efficacy of social collateral. We …,884 microfinance clients in Sierra Leone from 2006-2011. Our findings highlight two structural features of social collateral: (1) A …