Within agri-industry chains, important changes have taken place. Both vertical integration and vertical disintegration are occurring. These transformations may have effects on the adoption of private standards, but more importantly, may also affect the functions of private standards within the...

The increasing role of electronic media in news and, more generally, in content production is changing the scope and boundaries of the journalism profession and the instruments deployed to regulate the activity. Historically, journalism has primarily been self-regulated. The limits of public...

Transnational private regulation (TPR) is a growing phenomenon. It creates new markets and dissolves old ones. TPR contributes to the regulation of existing markets, it increases the protection of fundamental rights and it enables or disables communities to participate in global rule making. The...

The aim of the paper, based on empirical research in Brazil, is to investigate how supply chains have evolved over time, what factors have driven this evolution and also how a specific set of contractual practices along these chains is linked to access to international markets. The two selected...

Transnational private regulation (TPR) consists of regulatory regimes that are enacted by private actors with or without the collaboration of states and international organizations. Within TPR, there are various organizational ‘densities'. In some cases, there are multiple regimes, while in...

In this essay, three questions concerning the use of transnational commercial contracts as regulatory vehicles are examined:1) Why have regulatory provisions increasingly been incorporated into commercial contracts and what are the main drivers of this phenomenon?2) What are the instruments of...

This chapter examines trading in the context of global supply chains. It begins by exploring the relationship between the different types of global chains and their transactional features as well as the regulatory techniques focussing on the combination of standardization and customisation of...