of income elasticities, i.e. expenditure hierarchies, we show how this diversification process on the national level is … correlated with cultural norms, GDP and income inequality. We find that national expenditure hierarchies are relatively similar … tends to generate more niche consumption patterns by examining how rising income is positively correlated with demand …

food is readily available, we use of Engel's law in reciprocal form to measure affluence. Analysis of real income data for … present the results in the form of stochastic cross-country income comparisons …

This paper investigates the long-run economic relationship between health care expenditure and income in the world … in the form of either a common factor model or a spatial process. We estimate a global measure of income elasticity using … all countries in the sample, and for sub-groups of countries, depending on their geo-political area and income. Our …