Policy scientists have long been concerned with understanding the basic tools, or instruments, that governments can use to accomplish their goals. The initial interest in inductively developing comprehensive lists of generic instruments for policy analysis soon gave way to efforts to discover...

This paper provides some historical evidence on the impact of trade reform on income disparities between the liberalizing countries. The convergence test developed here involves joint estimation of augmented Dickey-Fuller type equations using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) techniques....

1. What is Bitcoin and How is it Mined? 2. A Feature and Not a Bug: Bitcoin Mining's Energy Use Problem 3. Bitcoin's Climate Emissions and Damages 4. Bitcoin's PM2.5 Air Pollution Damages 5. How Does Bitcoin's Climate Footprint Compare to Other Things? 6. Bitcoin Mining's Additional...

We investigate whether banks in more heavily regulated markets are more likely to suffer from capital shortfall and thus contribute more to systemic (in)stability. Our cross-country empirical findings show that bank activity restriction, initial capital stringency and prompt corrective action...