The conclusions of study are summarized as follows: (1) Banks manage some asset-related international banking activities (especially loans but also cash) less consistently and uniformly than liability-related and other international banking activities. (2) The identified category of...

The relationship between risk and expected returns has been investigated extensively in the financial economics literature. Theoretical models generally predict a positive relation between the two. Nevertheless, the empirical findings so far have been inconclusive. Using a generalization of the...

Shipping freight rates are notoriously volatile and shipping investors are perceived to be risk-loving. This paper explores the stochastic properties of freight rates in the shipping industry and derives the analytical equations for their moments in downside and upside markets using a two-piece...