This paper examines self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) in an open economy environment. Using an extended model of Barrett (1994), we show that: (i) equilibrium tariff is positive; (ii) the endogenously determined size and the effectiveness of an multilateral IEA are the...

This study investigates the impact of the Russian-Ukraine war on the tail risk connectedness among G7 stock markets using a TVP-VAR frequency connectedness approach and a number of robustness testing procedures. Such work focuses on the dynamics of tail risk connectedness both during the...

Crude oil is prone to large upward price shocks, creating challenges for personal and corporate budgeting. In this paper, we systematically assess a range of possible shock havens against large oil price shocks. Empirical tests uncover a rich set of assets which act both as hedges and shock...