This note argues that, from an economic-statistical point of view, trading gains, as difference between real Gross Domestic Income and real Gross Domestic Product, should be considered as a statistical artefact, caused by the use of an inappropriate deflator

The UN System of National Accounts (SNA) calculates standard national income (NI) under the condition that owned capital is maintained. Roefie Hueting defined in 1969 environmental functions (state, stock) as the possible uses by humans of the environment. Their actual use (flow) nowadays are...

Comprehensive coverage of national accounts estimates is important; however, it is often thwarted by gaps in the recording of economic activity - the so-called unrecorded economy. This paper sets out pragmatic statistical approaches for incorporating the unrecorded economy in the national...

In view of the progressive development of the ESG concept, this paper measures the sovereign ESG index of 171 countries worldwide over the period 1990-2020 by employing the entropy weight method based on relevant indicators from the World Bank's Sovereign ESG Database. The graphical analysis of...

This paper reviews and updates the indicator system constructed by previous scholars. The update of the index includes: Firstly, the latest data of 2021 is added to the original data of 1990-2020. Secondly, the World Bank's indicator system has been restructured and optimized, for example by...

The concepts of economic and social security are very complex and dynamic, closely related to many new challenges that characterize today's societies. Our research aims at investigating the economic and social security considering the current vulnerabilities, using an integrated multicriteria...

This note provides quality-adjusted price indexes and nominal shipments data for highly disaggregate classes of semiconductor devices. These data may be used to construct indexes under different assumptions from those used in indexes that are currently available

Evidence from a novel measure of democracy (SVMDI) based on Support Vector Machines highlights a robust positive relationship between democracy and economic growth. We argue that the ambiguity in recent studies can be traced back to the neglect of the information in the equation in levels and...

The purpose of this paper is to examine the transition of economic freedom indexes themselves among countries in the world instead of their economic effect. The three central questions of this study are: Do economic freedom sub-indexes converge? Do some sub-indexes of economic freedom display...