Investor protection is associated with greater investment-sensitivity to q and lower investment-sensitivity to cash flow. Finance plays a role in causing these effects; in countries with strong investor protection external finance increases more strongly with q, and declines more strongly with...

Previous studies link equity market liberalization to economic growth in emerging markets. In the 24 emerging markets that we study, liberalizations always coincide with other economic reforms, making identification difficult. Theories linking liberalization to growth predict that at the...

We explore the relation between a country's patents and its economic and productivity growth. Consistent with patents reflecting important innovations, a one standard deviation increase in patent stock leads to a 1.58% (1.52%) elevation in GDP (TFP) growth. Patent stock has a stronger impact on...