The IMF Working Papers series is designed to make IMF staff research available to a wide audience. Almost 300 Working Papers are released each year, covering a wide range of theoretical and analytical topics, including balance of payments, monetary and fiscal issues, global liquidity, and...

French international monetary policy under Charles de Gaulle is re-examined in this paper. We argue that the objectives of French policy in the 1960s were consistent with plans developed in the interwar period and Bretton Woods of establishing a symmetrical and co-operative gold-exchange...

Wars have been the main forces shaping the international trading system in the twentieth century. The early years of the twentieth century were dominated by the international gold standard. But as a result of World War I, this system was replaced by the troubled gold exchange standards of the...