The current global economic development faces social and environmental challenges, such as climate change and environmental pollution, which requires firms to be more socially responsible. Due to the fast-growing corporate social responsibility (CSR) consciousness and concerns of individual...

We examine the implications of insider trading restrictions on firms’ real activities earnings management in an international setting. Using a sample of 28 countries over the period from 1992 to 2007, we find evidence that is supportive of the substitution hypothesis, in that managers have...