In addition to the general non-commercial risks that may affect any foreign direct investment, low-carbon investments face specific risks related to the mechanisms of public support that states develop to enable the financial viability of such projects. In the absence of the full internalization...

This chapter argues that the innovative approach to governance in the context of EU external energy efficiency has merits given the current deadlock in the negotiation of an international climate change and energy architecture. However, the current implementation of this policy is unlikely to be...

According to the liberalized electricity markets paradigm, free market prices are expected to stimulate sufficient investment in production capacity to meet future electricity demand. This implies that electricity producers must be able to recover their operating and investment costs whilst...

Energy efficiency is since long a cornerstone of the European internal energy policy. In recent years, it has also taken an increasing importance in the external energy relations of the EU. Given the obsolete condition of the energy system of many EU neighbouring countries, the potential for...

The architecture of the Kyoto Protocol gives the private sector a central role to play. It will most probably continue to occupy an important place in the post-2012 climate regime. However, one essential aspect for private investors is often overlooked during the ongoing climate talks: the...

According to economic statecraft theory, states use investments by State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) to achieve geopolitical objectives, such as securing control over resources or exercising influence in zones of special strategic interest. There is increasing interest for the geopolitics of...