Focusing on TPP, CPTPP and CETA as deep free trade agreements (FTAs) that concentrate on regulatory disciplines, this paper examines a key question concerning the future of deep FTAs: do deep FTAs converge and, if so, why? It argues that, first, deep FTAs converge in their approach to trade and...

China is a party to all agreements listed. For state parties, these agreements could be concluded by governments, administrative agencies, or courts, depending on the agreement. Where available, the year in which the agreement was concluded and a link to its full text are included.For the...

As a highly compromising and flexible agreement, the Agreement on Trade Facilitation (hereinafter “TFA” or “the agreement”) may shed light on the future direction of the world trade regime. Going beyond the tariffs and border, the agreement is featured with good governance requirements....

China's free trade agreements in services are developing at a fast pace. This paper examines the major differences between these agreements and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and their relationship with the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Although they are modeled...

The only central bank money individuals and businesses have today is cash. Everything else they use as money is commercial bank promises. Central bank digital currencies (CBDC) will likely change all this by putting central bank money into everyone’s hands. China is a front runner in this...

Regional trade agreements are undergoing many changes. Notably, the trajectory of China’s trade agreements has been affected by the unique US-China Phase One agreement, and these agreements extend beyond free trade agreements (FTAs). China’s trade agreements represent a different path...