Product standards are omnipresent in industrialized societies. Though standardization can be beneficial for domestic producers, divergent product standards have been categorized as a major obstacle to international trade. This paper quantifies the effect of standard harmonization on trade flows...

This paper is devoted to the pricing of variance and volatility swaps in energy market. We found explicit variance swap formula and closed form volatility swap formula (using Brockhaus-Long approximation) for energy asset with stochastic volatility that follows continuous-time GARCH (1,1) model...

We consider a semi-Markov modulated market consisting of a riskless asset or bond, B, and a risky asset or stock, S, whose dynamics depend on a semi-Markov process x. Using the martingale characterization of semi-Markov processes, we note the incompleteness of semi-Markov modulated markets and...