Export taxes and restrictions take various forms and their effects may not be limited to the countries that apply them. Developing countries use such export taxes and restrictions in pursuit of development policy objectives. The effects on third countries depend on the market power of the...

Export taxes and restrictions take various forms and their effects may not be limited to the countries that apply them. Developing countries use such export taxes and restrictions in pursuit of development policy objectives. The effects on third countries depend on the market power of the...

The international fragmentation of production is re-shaping the world economy. Global value chains (GVCs) are at the forefront of this phenomenon with China and the EU emerging as key production hubs. The evidence suggests that value chains are increasingly regional rather than global with three...