This paper discusses the key considerations of CBDC design to balance benefits and risks and presents best practices in CBDC design from a global perspective. Using China's CBDC as an illustration, this paper discusses two-tier or multi-tier ledger design and proposes ten enablers of mass...

We examine the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on systemic risk. Based on a large sample of 889 listed banks from 20 countries, we provide empirical evidence that banks are more likely to contribute more to systemic risk when EPU increases. The effect operates through the bank...