We construct a money market pressure index based on central bank reserves and the short-term nominal interest rate to identify banking crises, thereby extending the index proposed by Von Hagen and Ho (2007). We compare the crises identified by both indices with banking crises according to the...

We construct a money market pressure index based on central bank reserves and the short-term nominal interest rate to identify banking crises, thereby extending the index proposed by Von Hagen and Ho (2007). We compare the crises identified by both indices with banking crises according to the...

Birch biochar is investigated as the fuel of a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) and compared with pine char and commercial activated carbon. Birch biochar, with a high content of alkali and alkaline earth metals and a low graphitization degree, shows the highest reactivity with both O 2 and CO 2...