Measuring global poverty requires two types of spatial price adjustments: inter-country price adjustment based on the international purchasing power parities (PPPs) and intra-country price adjustment to account for cost-of-living variations in different parts of a country, especially between...

Global poverty monitored by the World Bank for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is reported only at the national level, lacking a breakdown between urban and rural areas. A key challenge to producing globally comparable estimates of urban poverty is the need for consistent definitions of...