This paper proposes a model for discrete-time hedging based on continuous-time movements in portfolio and foreign currency exchange rate returns. In particular, the vector of optimal currency exposures is shown to be given by the negative realized regression coefficients from a one-period...

January 1999 - National and urban motor vehicle ownership increases at about the same rate as income, whereas road length increases with income mainly at the national level. So, urban congestion grows with income. Controlling vehicle fleet growth and use would require high taxes that increase...

The overloaded ecological environment induced by the rapid process of urbanization globally should be targeted between different regions. As an emerging economic market in the world, BRICS countries play a valuable role in achieving sustainable development worldwide. For formulating effective...